迈向“生物经济”——德国生物工业研发的重点
Rolf D Schmid
（斯图加特大学生物过程工程中心前主任）
德国有着成熟的化学和制药工业，其花费的很大一部分研发经费在生物相关过程中。事实上，无论是使用微生物或者动物细胞，德国均是欧洲工业发酵的中心。在公众领域，超过100个研究性大学，包括马克斯－普郎克研究所和费朗霍夫学会的一些研究所，都在关注他们自己与生物相关研究，例如生物能源、生物炼制、生物塑料的发展等等。这些发展大部分是集中在“生物领域”，其中学术机构、研究中心新兴公司和其他股东联合为一体，才能达到技术和创新的突破。通过政府资助的竞争性基金，最佳的30个生物领域被进一步促进，共享项目的发展，例如“生物产业2021”。由于现代农业将在以生物质为基础的工业过程中起到重要作用，联邦教育与研究部和联邦农业部联合发起了“生物经济2030”新计划。人们认识到基于可再生原材料将可以实现高科技国家经济。这个报告中将讨论在这些经费项目中的工业和公众项目。
由于德国是欧盟成员，欧盟相关项目的经费通过自己的机制，许多德国组织加入了欧洲主要计划，例如以知识为基础的生物经济。
——摘自《2011国际生物经济大会摘要全集》，pp207-208。
附英文原文：
Towards a “bio-economy”——highlights of bioindustrial R&D in Germany
Rolf D Schmid
（Former Director, Stuttgart University, Center for Bioprocess Engineering）
Germany has a mature chemical and pharmaceutical industry which spends significant parts of her R&D expenditure on bio-related processes. In fact, Germany may be Europe’s hub for industrial fermentation, using either microorganisms or animal cells. In the public domain, over 100 research universities, many out of the 76 Max-Planck and 56 Fraunhofer Institutes and a large number of other research centers concern themselves with bio-related research such as the development of bioenergy, biorefineries, bioplastics etc. Much of these developments is clustered in “bioregions” where academia, research centers, startup companies and other stakeholders share in a campus where a “critical mass” of skills and innovation can be achieved. By government- sponsored competitive funding, the best-of-the-best among the 30 bioregions were further promoted and share in the development of programs such as “BioIndustry2021”. As modem agriculture will play an important role in future biomass-based industrial processes, a new program on “BioEconomy2030” was jointly initiated by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the Federal Ministry of Agriculture. It is widely recognized as a further stimulus to arrive at even better concepts for a high-tech national economy based on renewable raw materials. Examples of present industry and public projects within these funding schemes will be presented.
As Germany is a member of the European Union which funds related programs through her own mechanisms, many of the German activities are embedded in European master plans such as Knowledge-based BioEconomy. Examples for such transnational projects will also be presented.